Cyrona Cell's

For reasons unknown, in Alzheimer's disease, a series of unfortunate events occur at the same time. For one, the astrocytes in the cell body and the tau proteins in the microtubules of multiple neurons begin flowing outside the microtubules and forming tangles that disrupt communications within the neurons and between them. The blood-brain barrier, which surrounds the brain, also suddenly starts limiting the amount of glucose that can enter the brain, causing many neurons to malfunction and die. At the same time, the microglia and beta-amyloid decide to form plaques and inflammation.

Asthma is a chronic lung disease that affects people of all ages. During an asthma attack, breathing becomes more difficult due to inflammation and tightness in the muscles surrounding the airways. Coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath, and tightness in the chest are just some of the persistent symptoms of asthma. Over time, these symptoms may come and go, and may be minor or severe.

A degenerative disease of the nervous system, ataxia is the term used to describe a group of disorders that affect coordination, balance, and speech.

Autism is a developmental disorder characterised by impaired social skills; communication difficulties, such as speech and nonverbal communication; challenges learning; and behavioural problems, such as repetitive behaviour.

Described as a non-progressive motor disability, cerebral palsy occurs due to abnormal development or damage occurring to the developing brain.

Congestive heart failure is a chronic progressive condition. It is caused by the loss of strength in the heart’s muscles, high blood pressure, and the narrowing of the heart’s arteries, which hinders the heart’s ability to contract as much as it needs to pump effectively. The resulting lack of oxygen leads to the loss of functional heart tissues and the death of vascular cells.

Degenerative disc disease is typically caused by the ageing process, wherein anatomical changes, such as a decrease in disc height, hyaluronic acid, and proteoglycans content as well as the formation of scar tissues, leads to the loss of function of one or more intervertebral discs in the spine.

Fibromyalgia is, first and foremost, a neurological disorder. Studies posit that the initial onset can be precipitated by a traumatic injury, a severe systemic infection, surgery, or a physically or emotionally traumatic experience.

Hypoxic and anoxic brain injuries are an amalgamation of two different types of insults to the brain.

Inflammatory bowel disease is an immune-mediated disease. It arises due to a complex interplay between a patient’s genetics and environmental factors that cause the patient’s immune system to mount inappropriate responses to intestinal microbes. Inflammatory bowel disease usually includes Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis.

Joint pains can occur due to physical injuries, such as overuse, sprains, strains, and fractures; viral infections, such as the flu, mumps, and hepatitis; and other physical conditions, such as bursitis, tendinitis, lupus, and fibromyalgia; or other factors, depression, anxiety, stress, being overweight, or a chronic medical condition.

Kidney diseases arise when nephrons, the key working components of the kidneys, are damaged either due to poorly controlled hypertension and/or diabetes mellitus or inflammation. When the kidneys lose their filtering ability, dangerous levels of waste accumulate in the bloodstream, leading to chemical imbalances. If left untreated, it will eventually lead to kidney failure.

Liver diseases occur in two stages. In the first stage, a virus or toxin causes inflammation in the liver, which causes the immune system to initiate a protection response (M1) or a repair response (M2). The second stage occurs when the immune system mistakenly initiates the wrong response, causing programmed and unprogrammed cell death, elimination, and inflammation.

Although the Covid-19 virus, primarily, targets cells in the lungs, the resulting a lack of oxygen and widespread inflammation goes on to cause damage to the kidneys, liver, heart, brain, and many other organs.

Lung diseases occur in two stages. In the first stage, a virus or toxin causes inflammation in the liver, which causes the immune system to initiate a protection response (M1) or a repair response (M2).

Multiple sclerosis is a neurodegenerative disease that affects the central nervous system, a highly specialised environment comprising neurons, axons, and glial cells, such as microglia, oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, and Schwann cells.

There are three categories of azoospermia: pre-testicular, testicular, and post-testicular. Post-testicular azoospermia is caused by an obstruction and is best treated with surgical interventions.

Osteoarthritis is, usually, caused by a combination of genes, age, weight gain, injury, and overuse as well as bone, joint, or metabolic disorders. In some instances, excessive weight gain produces inflammation that damages the joints.

Parkinson's disease is caused by the death of axons and dopaminergic neurons in the brain. Dopaminergic neurons are the main source of dopamine in the central nervous system, which controls how we think, learn, move, and feel. Axons are the thin fibrous tails of neurons that enable them to communicate with each other.

Spinal muscular atrophy occurs when the SMN1 protein, which maintains specialised nerve cells called motor neurons, is lost due to a genetic mutation.

Peyronie’s disease occurs due to injuries to the penis that heal wrongly. More specifically, the overproduction of elastin, collagen type III, and specific matrix metalloproteinases causes hard plaques to form at the injury sites, which causes the penis to curve when it is erect.

Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin condition that arises due to a strong genetic predisposition and autoimmune pathogenic traits.

Rheumatoid arthritis is a systemic autoimmune disease. Due to genetics, hormones, or the environment, the immune system begins mistakenly attacking healthy cells in the joints, causing inflammation.

Sciatic pain occurs when the sciatic nerve, which begins in the lower back and travels down each leg ending at the toes, becomes irritated or pinched due to a herniated disc in the lower back.

A stroke occurs when a blood vessel that carries oxygen and nutrients to the brain is either blocked by a clot or bursts. The resulting lack of oxygen and nutrients to the brain causes neurons to die and severe inflammation.

Traumatic brain injuries occur in two stages. When the brain sustains a serious injury, the resulting inflammation and electrical changes damage the central nervous system, disrupt the blood-brain barrier, and cause neurons to die.

Type 1 diabetes occurs when the immune system mistakenly identifies healthy beta cells in the pancreas as foreign objects and deploys immune T-cells to destroy them.

Type 2 diabetes occurs when the cells in your body do not use glucose as efficiently as they should. When the amount of glucose in your blood stream is too high or too low, your pancreatic beta cells work overtime to flood your body with more insulin to either increase or decrease the amount of glucose in your blood stream.

As we get older, the number of stem cells that we have decreases as our bodies use them up to produce, replace, and repair essential specialised cells that the body needs. As such, the other non-essential cells, such as joint, hair, and skin cells, are often overlooked, causing ageing.